As basic units of neural networks, ensembles of synapses underlie cognitive functions such as learning and memory. These synaptic engrams show elevated synaptic density among engram cells following contextual fear memory formation.

Decellularized extracellular matrix scaffold, widely utilized for organ engineering, often undergoes matrix decomposition after transplantation and produces byproducts that cause inflammation, leading to clinical failure.

Mitochondrial fission and donut formation increase during osteoblast maturation. Fragmented mitochondria and MDVs are secreted extracellularly during osteogenesis. Increasing mitochondrial fission through OPA1 downregulation enhances osteogenesis. Treatment of osteoblast-secreted mitochondria accelerates bone regeneration.

Nanoparticles are primarily taken up by immune cells after systemic administration. Thus, they are considered an ideal drug delivery vehicle for immunomodulation.

Biomolecular condensates participate in diverse cellular processes, ranging from gene regulation to stress survival. Bottom-up engineering of synthetic condensates advances our understanding of the organizing principle of condensates

The possible relation between antibiotic exposure and the alteration of gut microbiota, which may affect dementia risk, has been revealed. However, the association between antibiotics and dementia incidence has rarely been studied.

False duplications in genome assemblies lead to false biological conclusions. We quantified false duplications in popularly used previous genome assemblies for platypus, zebra finch, and Anna’s Hummingbird, and their new counterparts of the same species generated by the Vertebrate Genomes Project, of which the Vertebrate Genomes Project pipeline attempted to eliminate false duplications through haplotype phasing and purging.

A great number of butterfly species in the warmer climate have evolved to exhibit fascinating optical properties on their wing scales which can both regulate the wing temperature and exhibit structural coloring in order to increase their chances of survival.

Cell-based assays can monitor virus infection at a single-cell level with high sensitivity and cost-efficiency. For this purpose, it is crucial to develop molecular probes that respond selectively to physiological changes in live cells.

A habitual gaze is critical to efficiently identify and exploit valuable objects. However, it is unclear what salience components drive the habitual gaze choice. Here, we trained subjects to assign positive, neutral, and negative values to objects and found that motivational salience guided habitual gaze choices over 30 days of memory retention.

Several biobanks, including UK Biobank (UKBB), are generating large-scale sequencing data. An existing method, SAIGE-GENE, performs well when testing variants with minor allele frequency (MAF) ≤ 1%, but inflation is observed in variance component set-based tests when restricting to variants with MAF ≤ 0.1% or 0.01%.

Efficient doping for modulating electrical properties of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) semiconductors is essential for meeting the versatile requirements for future electronic and optoelectronic devices.